Kirshenbaum chart
Kirshenbaum charts of consonants and vowelsThis chart is based off information provided in the Kirshenbaum specification.[1], [1] It may also be helpful to compare it to the SAMPA chart or X-SAMPA chart.
| Table of contents |
|
2 Vowel chart |
| Kirshenbaum chart of consonants
(the paired signs are voiceless/voiced consonants) | |||||||||||||
| Bilabials | Labiodentals | Dentals | Alveolars | Retroflexes | Palato-alveolars | Palatals | Velars | Uvulars | Labiovelars | Pharyngeals | Glottals | Alveolar laterals | |
| Nasals | m | M | n[ | n | n. | n^ | N | n" | n<lbv> | ||||
| Stops | p b | t[ d[ | t d | t. d. | c J | k g | q G | t<lbv> d<lbv> | ? | ||||
| Fricatives | P B | f v | T D | s z | s. z. | S Z | C C<vcd> | x Q | X g" | w<vls> w | H H<vcd> | h | s |
| Approximants | r<lbd> | r[ | r | r. | j | j<vel> | g" | w | h | ||||
| Laterals | l[ | l | l. | l^ | L | ||||||||
| Trills | b<trl> | r<trl> | r" | ||||||||||
| Flaps | * | *. | *<lat> | ||||||||||
| Ejectives | p` | t[` | t` | c` | k` | q` | |||||||
| Implosives | b` | d` | d` | J` | g` | G` | |||||||
| Clicks | p! | t! | c! | c! | k! | l! | |||||||
Consonant modifiers and diacritics
Modifiers and diacritics follow the symbol they modify.
| Modifier/diacritic | Meaning |
| ! | Click |
| " | Uvular |
| - | Syllabic |
| . | Retroflex |
| ; | Palatalized |
| [ | Dental |
| ^ | Palatal |
| ` | Voiced: Implosive Unvoiced: Ejective |
| ~ | Velarized |
| <?> | Murmured |
| <H> | Pharyngealized |
| <h> | Aspirated |
| <j> | Palatalized |
| <o> | Unexploded |
| <r> | Rhoticized |
| <w> | Labialized |
| Kirshenbaum simplified chart of vowels (the paired signs are unrounded/rounded vowels) | ||||
| Front | Central | Back | Rhotic (central) | |
| Closed or high | i y I I. |
i" u" | u- u U |
Half closed | e Y | @<umd> @ @. |
o- o | R<umd> R |
Half open | E W | V" O" | V O | Open or low | & &. | a a. | A A. |
Vowel modifiers and diacritics
Modifiers and diacritics follow the symbol they modify.
| Modifier/diacritic | Meaning |
| ~ | Nasalized |
| : | Long |
| - | Unrounded |
| . | Rounded |
| " | Centralized |
| ? | Murmured |
| <r> | Rhoticized |
Stress is indicated by ' for primary stress, and , for secondary stress, placed before the stressed syllable.