List of state leaders in 1816

See also: List of religious leaders in 1816, List of colonial governors in 1816

Table of contents

1 Africa 2 Americas 3 Asia 4 Australia and Oceania 5 Europe 6 Middle East

Africa

• Algeria (under nominal Ottoman suzerainty) - Omar Agha, Dey of Algiers (1815-1817)
• Burundi - Ntare IV Rugamba, King of Burundi (c1796-c.1850)
• Ethiopia - Egwale Seyon Hezqeyas, Emperor of Ethiopia (1801-1818)
• Mayotte - Suhali bin Salim, Sultan of Mayotte (1807-1817)
• Morocco - Abu´r-Rabi Sulayman, Sultan of Morocco (1792-1822)
• Ndzuwani -
  1. Alawi bin Husain, Sultan of Ndzuwani (1796-1816)
  2. Abdallah bin Alawi, Sultan of Ndzuwani (1816-1832)
• Rwanda - Mutara II Rwogera, King of Rwanda (1802-1853)
• Tunis (under Ottoman suzerainty) - Mahmud, Bey of Tunis (1814-1824)

• Argentina - Ignacio Álvarez Thomas (1815-Apr. 16, 1816), Antonio González Balcarce (to Jul. 9), Juan Martín de Pueyrredón (to 1819), Supreme Directors of Argentina
• Brazil -
  • Monarch -
    1. Maria I, Queen of Brazil (1815-1816)
    2. João VI, King of Brazil (1816-1822, regent for incapacitated queen, 1815-1816)
  • Principal Minister - Fernando José de Portugal e Castro, Principal Minister of Brazil (1808-1817)
• North Haiti - Henri I, King of North Haiti (1811-1820)
• Paraguay - José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, Supreme Dictator of Paraguay (1814-1840)
• South Haiti - Alexandre Pétion, President of South Haiti (1815-1818)
• United Provinces of New Grenada - Presidents of New Grenada:
  • Camilo Torres Tenorio (1815-Mar. 14, 1816)
  • José Fernández Madrid (to Jun. 22)
  • Liborio Mejía (to Jun. 30); acting
  • Custodio García Rovira (to Jul. 10)
  • Manuel Fernando Serrano (last ruler)
• United States - James Madison, President of the United States (1809-1817)
  • See also Fourteenth United States Congress, List of United States Governors in 1816
• Venezuela - Simón Bolívar, Supreme Chief of Venezuela (1816-1819)

• Abkhazia - Safar Begi, Prince of Abkhazia (1810-1821)
• Afghanistan - Mahmud Shah, King of Kabul, Herat, Kandahar, and Peshawar (1809-1818)
• Awa - Bodawphaya, King of Awa (1782-1819)
• Azerbaijan - Existed as various cities/districts, with the rest under Russia's control:
  • Nakhchiwan - Karim Khan Kangarli?, Khan of Nakhchiwan
  • Qarabagh - Mahdi Quli Khan Muzaffar, Khan of Qarabagh (1806-1822)
  • Quba - Husayn Khan, Khan of Quba (1806-1816)
  • Shakki - Isma'il Khan, Khan of Shakki (1815-1819)
  • Shamakha - Mustafa Khan, Khan of Shamakha (1796-1820)
• Bhutan - Jigme Dragpa II, Spiritual Ruler of Bhutan (1791-1830); Sonam Drugyal, Ruler of Bhutan (1815-1819)
• Brunei - Muhammad Khanzul Alam, Sultan of Brunei (1807-1828)
• Burma - Bodawphaya, King of Awa (1782-1819)
• Cambodia - Ang Chan II, King of Cambodia (1813-1834)
• China (Qing Dynasty) - Jiaqing, Emperor of China (1796-1820)
• Japan
  • Monarch - Kokaku, Emperor of Japan (1780-1817)
  • Shogun (Tokugawa) - Tokugawa Ienari, Shogun of Japan (1786-1837)
• Korea - Yi Kwang, King of the Great Choson Empire (1800-1834)
• Laos - Anuvong, King of Laos (1803-1828)
• Maldives - Mu'in ad-Din I Muhammad, Sultan of the Maldives (1799-1835)
• Mogul Empire - Mo'in ad-Din Abu'n Nasr Mohammad Akbar Padshah Saheb Qiran-e Sani, Mughal Emperor (1806-1837)
• Nepal -
  • King - Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah Deva (1799-Nov. 20, 1816)
  • King - Rajendra Bikram Shah Deva (until 1847)
  • Regent - Lalit Tripura Sundari (1806-1832)
  • Prime Minister - Bhimsen Thapa (1806-1837)
  • British Resident - Edward Gardner (1816-1829)
• Persia - Fath Ali Qajar, Shah of Persia (1797-1834)
• Tibet - De-mo sPrul-sku Blo-bzang-thub-bstan-'jigs-med-rgya-mtsho, Regent Dalai Lama of Tibet (1815-1819)
• Thailand - Buddha Loetla, King of Krung Thep (1809-1824)
• Vietnam - Nguyen Phuoc Noan, Emperor of Vietnam (1802-1820)

• Fiji - Naulivou, Ruler of Fiji (1803-1829)
• Society Islands - Pomare II, Ruler of the Society Islands (1815-1821)
• Niue-Fekai - Unknown

• Andorra -
  • Bishop of Urgell -
    1. Francesc Antoni de la Dueña y Cisneros, Bishop of Urgel (1797-1816)
    2. Temporarily vacant (1816-1817)
  • Louis XVIII, King of France (1815-1824)
• Araucania - Unknown; independent by treaty with Spain
• Austria - Franz I, Emperor of Austria (1804-1835)
• Croatia - Ignjat Gyulay Maros-Nemeth, Ban of Croatia (1806-1831)
• Denmark
  • Monarch - Frederick VI, King of Denmark (1808-1839)
  • Prime Minister - Joachim Godske, Minister of State of Denmark (1814-1818)
  • See also Colonial governors in 1816
• Finland - Alexander I, Grand Duke of Finland (1809-1825)
• France
  • Monarch - Louis XVIII, King of France (1815-1824)
  • Prime Minister - Duc de Richelieu, Prime Minister of France (1815-1818)
    • See also Colonial governors in 1816
• German Confederation - Emperor Franz I of Austria, President of the German Confederation (1815-1835)
  • Anhalt-Bernburg - Alexius, Duke of Anhalt-Bernburg (1806-1834, Prince 1796-1806)
  • Anhalt-Dessau - Leopold III, Duke of Anhalt-Dessau (1807-1817, Prince 1751-1807)
  • Anhalt-Köthen - Ludwig II, Duke of Anhalt-Köthen (1812-1818)
  • Baden - Karl Ludwig, Grand Duke of Baden (1811-1818)
  • Bavaria - Maximilian I, King of Bavaria (1805-1825)
  • Brunswick - Karl II, Duke of Brunswick (1815-1831)
  • Hanover - Georg III, King of Hanover (1814-1820)
  • Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine - Ludwig I, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine (1806-1830)
  • Electorate of Hesse - Wilhelm I, Elector of Hesse (1813-1821)
  • Hesse-Homburg - Friedrich V, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg (1751-1820)
  • Hohenzollern-Hechingen - Friedrich, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1810-1838)
  • Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen - Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1785-1831)
  • Lauenburg - Frederick VI of Denmark, Duke of Lauenburg (1815-1839)
  • Liechtenstein - Johann I, Prince of Liechtenstein (1813-1836)
  • Lippe - Leopold II, Prince of Lippe (1802-1851)
  • Luxembourg - Guillaume I, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1815-1840)
  • Mecklenburg-Schwerin - Friedrich Franz I, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1815-1837, Duke 1785-1815)
  • Mecklenburg-Strelitz -
    1. Karl II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1815-1816, Duke 1794-1815)
    2. Georg, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1816-1860)
  • Nassau -
    1. Friedrich August, Duke of Nassau (1806-1816, Prince of Nassau-Usingen, 1803-1806) and Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of Nassau (1806-1816, Prince of Nassau-Weilburg (1788-1806)
    2. Friedrich August, Duke of Nassau (1806-1816) and Wilhelm, Prince of Nassau (1816)
    3. Wilhelm, Duke of Nassau (1816-1839)
  • Oldenburg - Wilhelm, Duke of Oldenburg (1813-1823)
  • Reuss-Ebersdorf - Heinrich LI, Prince of Reuss-Ebersdorf (1806-1822, Count 1779-1806)
  • Reuss-Lobenstein - Heinrich LIV, Prince of Reuss-Lobenstein (1805-1824)
  • Reuss-Schleiz-Gera - Heinrich XLII, Prince of Reuss-Schleiz-Gera (1806-1818, Count 1802-1806)
  • Reuss Senior Line - Heinrich XIII, Prince of Reuss Senior Line (1800-1817)
  • Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld - Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1806-1826, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1826-1844)
  • Saxe-Gotha - August, Duke of Saxe-Gotha (1804-1822)
  • Saxe-Hildburghausen - Friedrich, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1780-1826, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg 1826-1834)
  • Saxe-Meiningen - Bernhard II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen (1803-1866)
  • Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach - Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1815-1828, Duke 1758-1815)
  • Saxony - Friedrich August I, King of Saxony (1806-1827)
  • Schaumburg-Lippe - Georg I Wilhelm, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe (1807-1860, Count 1787-1807)
  • Schleswig-Holstein - Frederick VI of Denmark, Duke of Schleswig and Holstein (1808-1839)
  • Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt - Friedrich Günther, Prince of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1807-1867)
  • Schwarzburg-Sondershausen - Günther Friedrich Karl I, Prince of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (1794-1835)
  • Waldeck-Pyrmont - Georg II, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont (1813-1845)
  • Württemberg -
    1. Friedrich I, King of Württemberg (1806-1816)
    2. Wilhelm I, King of Württemberg (1816-1864)
• Guastalla - Maria Luigia, Duchess of Guastalla (1814-1847)
• Lucca - Maria Luisa, Duchess of Lucca (1817-1824)
• Massa and Carrara - Maria Beatrice Riccardia III, Duchess of Massa and Princess of Carrara (1814-1829)
• Modena - Francesco IV, Duke of Modena and Reggio (1814-1831)
• Monaco - Honoré IV, Prince of Monaco (1814-1819)
• Naples - Ferdinand IV, King of Naples (1815-1816, then King of the Two Sicilies)
• The Netherlands - Willem I, King of the Netherlands (1815-1840)
  • See also Colonial governors in 1816
• Norway - Kingdom of Sweden-Norway
  • Monarch - Carl III, King of Norway (1814-1818)
  • Regent - Crown Prince Carl Johan (Bernadotte), Crown Prince of Norway (1814-1818)
  • Viceroy -
    1. Hans Henrik von Essen, Viceroy of Norway (1814-1816)
    2. Carl Carlsson Mörner, Viceroy of Norway (1816-1818)
• Ottoman Empire - Mahmud II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1808-1839)
• Papal States - Pope Pius VII (1800-1823)
• Parma - Maria Luigia, Duchess of Parma and Piacenza (1814-1847)
• Piedmont-Sardinia - Victor Emmanuel I, King of Sardinia (1802-1821)
• Poland - Alexander I of Russia, King of Poland (1815-1825)
• Portugal -
  1. Maria I, Queen of Portugal (1777-Mar. 20, 1816)
  2. João VI, King of Portugal (to 1826)
  • See also Colonial governors in 1816
• Prussia -
  • Monarch - Friedrich Wilhelm III, King of Prussia (1797-1840)
  • Chief Minister - Karl August von Hardenberg, Chancellor of Prussia (1810-1822)
• Russia - Alexander I, Tsar of Russia (1801-1825)
• San Marino - Francesco Maria Belluzzi and Filippo Filippi (Oct. 1815 - Apr. 1816), Camillo Bonelli and Pietro Berti (Apr. 1816 - Oct. 1816), Luigi Giannini and Matteo Martelli (Oct. 1816 - Apr. 1817), Captains-Regent of San Marino
• Serbia - Milos Obrenovic I, Prince of Serbia (1815-1839); technically unofficial
• Sicily - Ferdinand III, King of Sicily (1759-1816, then King of the Two Sicilies)
• Spain - Fernando VII, King of Spain (1808, 1813-1833)
  • See also Colonial governors in 1816
• Sweden - Kingdom of Sweden-Norway
  • Monarch - Charles XIII, King of Sweden (1809-1818)
  • Regent - Crown Prince Charles (Bernadotte), Crown Prince of Sweden (1810-1818)
  • Chief Minister - Fredrik Gyllenborg, Prime Minister for Justice of Sweden (1810-1829)
  • Foreign Minister - Lars von Engeström, Prime Minister for Foreign Affairs of Sweden-Norway (1809-1824)
    • See also Colonial governors in 1816
• Switzerland - Hans von Reinhard, President of the Diet of the Swiss Confederation (1816)
• Tuscany - Ferdinando III, Grand Duke of Tuscny (1814-1824)
• Two Sicilies - Ferdinand I, King of the Two Sicilies (1816-1825, from 1759 King Ferdinand IV of Naples and King Ferdinand III of Sicily)
• United Kingdom
  • Monarch - George III, King of the United Kingdom (1760-1820)
  • Regent - The Prince of Wales, Regent of the United Kingdom (1811-1820)
  • Prime Minister - The Earl of Liverpool, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1812-1827)
• Wallachia - Ioan Gheorghe Caragea, Prince of Wallachia (1812-1818)

• Abu Dhabi -
  1. Shakhbut bin Dhiyab, Shaikh of Abu Dhabi (1793-1816)
  2. Muhammad bin Shakhbut, Shaikh of Abu Dhabi (1816-1818)
• Bahrain - Shiekh Sulman ibn Ahmad Al Khalifah, Ruler of Bahrain (1796-1825)
• Egypt - Muhammad Ali Pasha, Governor of Egypt (1805-1848)
• Kuwait - Sheikh Jabir ibn Abdullah Al Sabah, Ruler of Kuwait (1814-1859)
• Lebanon - Bashir ibn al-Qasim ibn Umar, Emir of Lebanon (1801-1821)
• Maldives - Mu`in ad-Din I Muhammad, Sultan of the Maldives (1799-1835)
• Oman - Sa'id II ibn Sultan, Sultan of Oman (1804-1856)
• Ottoman Empire - Mahmud II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1808-1839)
  • Athos - Kyrillos VI, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (1813-1818)
  • Kel Ahaggar - Ag Mama ag Sidi, Ruler of Kel Ahaggar (1790-1830)