List of state leaders in 1878

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State leaders in 1877 - Events of 1878 - State leaders in 1879 - State leaders by year

Table of contents

1 Africa
2 Asia
3 Europe
4 North America and the Caribbean
5 South America

Africa

Egypt - Ismail, Khedive of Egypt (1867-1879)
Ethiopia - Yohannes IV, Emperor of Ethiopia (1871-1889)
Liberia -
1. James Spriggs Payne, President of Liberia (1876-1878)
2. Anthony William Gerdner, President of Liberia (1878-1883)
Morocco - Hassan I, Sultan of Morocco (1873-1894)
Zanzibar - Barghash ibn Sa'id, Sultan of Zanzibar (1870-1888)

Asia

Afghanistan - Shir Ali Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (1868-1879)
Burma -
1. Mindon Min, King of Burma (1853-1878)
2. Thibaw Min, King of Burma (1878-1885)
Cambodia - Norodom, King of Cambodia (1860-1904)
Champasak - Kham Suk, King of Champasak (1863-1900)
China\ (Qing Dynasty) - Guangxu, Emperor of China (1875-1908)
India -
- Monarch - Victoria, Empress of India (1876-1901)
- Viceroy - The Lord Lytton, Viceroy of India (1876-1880)
Japan - Mutsuhito, The Meiji Emperor (1867-1912)
Korea - Gojong, King of Choson/Korea (1864-1897/1907)
Luang Phrabang - Unkham, King of Luang Phrabang (1868-1895)
Nepal - Surendra Bikram Shah Deva, King of Nepal (1847-1881)
Oman - Turki ibn Sa'id, Sultan of Oman (1871-1888)
Persia - Nasir ed-Din, Shah of Persia (1848-1896)
Siam - Chulalongkorn (Rama V), King of Siam (1868-1910)
Vietnam - Tu Duc, Emperor of Vietnam (1847-1883)

Europe

Andorra - Patrice MacMahon, duc de Magenta (President of France) and Josep Caixal i Estradé (Bishop of Urgel), co-Princes (1873-1879 and 1853-1879)
Austria-Hungary - Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary (1848-1916)
Belgium - Leopold II, King of the Belgians (1865-1909)
Denmark
- Monarch - Christian IX, King of Denmark (1863-1906)
- Prime Minister - Jakob Brønnum Scavenius Estrup, Prime Minister of Denmark (1875-1894)
France -
- President - Patrice MacMahon, duc de Magenta, President of France (1873-1879)
- Prime Minister - Jules Dufaure, President of the Council (1877-1879)
Germany -
- Monarch - Wilhelm I, German Emperor (1871-1888)
- Chancellor - Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor of Germany (1871-1890)
- see also List of German rulers in 1878
Greece - George I, King of the Hellenes (1863-1913)
Holy See -
1. Pope Pius IX, Bishop of Rome (1846-1878)
2. Pope Leo XIII, Bishop of Rome (1878-1903)
Italy
- Monarch -
  1. Vittorio Emanuele II, King of Italy (1861-1878)
  2. Umberto I, King of Italy (1878-1900)
- Prime Minister -
Liechtenstein - Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1858-1929)
Luxembourg - Guillaume III, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (1849-1890)
Monaco - Charles III, Prince of Monaco (1856-1889)
Montenegro - Nicholas I, Prince of Montenegro (1860-1910/1918/1921)
Netherlands -
- Monarch - Willem III, King of the Netherlands (1849-1890)
- Prime Minister - Jan Kappeyne van de Copello, Former of the Cabinet (1877-1879)
Norway - Oscar II, King of Norway (1872-1905)
Ottoman Empire - Abdul Hamid II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1876-1909)
Portugal - Luis I, King of Portugal (1861-1889)
Romania - Carol I, Prince of Romania (1866-1881/1914)
Russia - Alexander II, Tsar of Russia (1855-1881)
San Marino -
1. Giuliano Belluzzi and Pietro Ugolini, Captains-General (1877-1878)
2. Domenico Fattori and Marino Babboni, Captains-General (1878)
3. Camillo Bonelli and Pietro Berti, Captains-General (1878-1879)
Serbia - Milan II, Prince of Serbia (1868-1882/1889)
Spain - Alfonso XII of Spain, King of Spain (1875-1885)
Sweden - Kingdom of Sweden-Norway
- Monarch - Oscar II, King of Sweden (1872-1907)
- Prime Minister - Louis Gerhard De Geer, Prime Minister of Sweden (1876-1880)
Switzerland - Karl Schenk, President of the Swiss Confederation (1878)
United Kingdom -
- Monarch - Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837-1901)
- Prime Minister - The Earl of Beaconsfield, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1874-1880)

North America and the Caribbean

Canada
- Monarch - Victoria, Queen of Canada (1837-1901)
- Governor General -
  1. Marquess of Dufferin and Ava, Governor-General of Canada (1872-1878)
  2. Marquess of Lorne, Governor-General of Canada (1878-1883)
- Prime Minister - John A. Macdonald, Prime Minister (1867-1891)
Costa Rica - Tomás Guardia, Acting President of Costa Rica (1877-1880/1882)
Dominican Republic -
1. Buenaventura Báez, President of the Dominican Republic (1876-1878)
2. Cesáreo Guillermo, President of the Dominican Republic (1878)
3. Ignacio María González, President of the Dominican Republic (1878)
4. People's Military Chiefs (1878)
5. Jacinto del Rosario de Castro, acting President of the Dominican Republic (1878)
6. Council of Secretaries of State (1878-1879
El Salvador - Rafael Zaldívar, President of El Salvador (1876-1885)
Guatemala - Justo Rufino Barrios, President of Guatemala (1873-1885)
Haiti - Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal, President of Haiti (1876-1879)
Honduras - Marco Aurelio Soto, President of Honduras (1876-1883)
Mexico - Porfirio Diaz, President of Mexico (1876-1880)
Nicaragua - Pedro Joaquín Chamorro, President of Nicaragua (1875-1879)
United States - Rutherford B. Hayes, President of the United States (1877-1881)

South America

Argentina - Nicolás Avellaneda, President of Argentina (1874-1880)
Bolivia - Hilarión Daza, Provisional President of Bolivia (1876-1879)
Brazil - Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil (1831-1889)
Chile - Aníbal Pinto, President of Chile (1876-1881)
Colombia -
1. Aquileo Parra, President of Colombia (1876-1878)
2. Julián Trujillo Largacha, President of Colombia (1878-1880)
Ecuador - Ignacio de Veintemilla, Supreme Chief of Ecuador (1876-1878/1883)
Paraguay -
1. Higinio Uriarte (1877-1878)
2. Cándido Bareiro (1878-1880)
Peru - Mariano Ignacio Prado, President of Peru (1876-1879)
Tunis - Muhammad as-Sadiq, Bey of Tunis (1859-1882)
Uruguay - Lorenzo Latorre, Provisional Governor of Uruguay (1876-1879)
Venezuela -
1. Francisco Linares Alcántara, President of Venezuela (1877-1878)
2. Jacinto Gutiérrez Martínez, acting President of Venezuela (1878-1879)