Nahuatl language

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Nahuatl is a language spoken by many of the native people, including the Aztecs, in what is now Mexico.

Table of contents

1 Overview
2 See also
3 External links
4 Nahuatl Vocabulary
5 Nahuatl grammar

Overview

Nahuatl is still the most widely spoken Native American language in Mexico. Its 1.5 million speakers live mainly in the states of Puebla, Veracruz, Hidalgo, and Guerrero. Almost all but the most elderly speakers of Nahuatl are bilingual, having a working knowledge of the Spanish language. In general, modern Nahuatl shows strong influences from Spanish.

Nahuatl belongs to the Uto-Aztecan language family, which also includes the languages spoken by the Comanche, Pima, Shoshone, Toltecs and other tribes of western North America. It is an agglutinative, flexive language. In Nahuatl there is no fixed difference between phrases or words, there are no infinitives, and no proper pronouns. There is no word for "I", instead one refers to oneself as "my skin".

Nahuatl has been described as a language that is pure etymology. A Nahuatl word always consists of a prefix, then several root concepts, and a suffix. One can put as many root concepts, each one a syllable, as necessary, so some Nahuatl words are very long. It means also, that words can be created on the fly.

Nahuatl words adopted into English include "avocado", "axolotl", "chocolate", "coyote", "ocelot", "peyote", and "tomato".

At the time of the Spanish conquest, Aztec writing used mostly pictographs supplemented with a few ideograms. When needed it also used syllabic equivalences; Father Duran recorded how the tlacuilos could render a prayer in Latin using this system, but it was dificult to use. This was adequate for keeping such records as genealogies, astronomical information, and tribute lists, but could not represent a full vocabulary of spoken language in the way that the writing systems of the old world or of the Maya civilization do. The Spanish introduced the Roman script and recorded a large body of Aztec prose and poetry. Thus, Nahuatl written in Roman script is pronounced as if it were Spanish with a few exceptions.

Words are stressed on the second-to-the-last vowel (excluding U)
U does not occur as an independent vowel.
X is pronounced like English SH.
LL is pronounced like a long L.
TL counts as a single consonant, never as a full syllable.
- TL is, in linguistic terms, a lateral affricate. This is a type of sound found in very few European languages (Welsh being the exception) but commonly found in North and Central American indigenous languages.
CU and UC are both pronounced KW.
HU and UH are both pronounced W.
H without an adjacent U represents a glottal stop (as in "kitten" in some dialects or "go over")
Z is pronounced like English S (as in Mexican, but not European, Spanish).

Before the conquest, there existed differences between the Nahuatl of the people, and the Nahuatl of the upper classes. The upper classes had created an esoteric language; for example, the word Aztlan means "the place of the storks". But Stork means "white", and white means "the origin", so in the language of the upper classes, Aztlan means "the place of origin". This has complicated the translation of the surviving Aztec writings.

Since the time of the Spanish conquest the spelling of Nahuatl has varied considerably.

U and O both represent the sound of O.
U alone may replace UH or HU to represent the sound of W.
H representing the glottal stop may or may not be written.
Vowel length may or may not be marked.
Y and I may both represent the vowel I.
I may replace the consonant Y.
The letter Ç may replace Z to represent the sound of S.

Recently, US linguists working with modern Nahuatl have sometimes preferred spellings that look more like English. Thus:

W may replace HU or UH for the sound of W.
K may replace QU/C for the sound of K.
S may replace Z/Ç for the sound of S.

In some unusual cases, non-ASCII symbols are used for TL, CH, CU/UC, and TZ to stress that these are single consonants, not compounds.

External links

Nahuatl Vocabulary

Florentine Codex Vocabulary 1997, R. Joe Campbell: English → Nahuatl, Nahuatl → English
acoyauh.com: Nahuatl → English Basic Dictionary
Spanish: Spanish → Nahuatl Nahuatl → Spanish
Polish: http://www.jukatan.host.sk/slownik.html
French: http://www.ifrance.com/nahuatl/nahuatl.page.html

Nahuatl grammar

acoyauh.com: Aztec Language: Nahuatl. Basic Grammar
http://weber.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/nahuatl/nahuatllessons/INL-00.html
http://www.public.iastate.edu/~rjsalvad/scmfaq/nahuatl.html