The Orders of magnitude (numbers) reference article from the English Wikipedia on 24-Jul-2004 (provided by Fixed Reference: snapshots of Wikipedia from wikipedia.org)

Orders of magnitude (numbers)

Orders of magnitude
Length - Mass - Time - Area - Volume - Power - Temperature - Numbers - Data - U.S. money
Related articles
SI base units - SI derived units - SI prefixes

This list compares various sizes of finite numbers, including counts of things, dimensionless numbers and probabilities.

Power of ten	Decimal value	Name
Smaller than 10−36
Physics: Planck Time is roughly 5.391 × 10-44 seconds
10-36
Physics: Planck Length is roughly 1.616 × 10-35 metres
10-33 10-30 10-27 10-24 10-21 10-18 10-15 10-12
10-9	0.000 000 001
Lottery: The odds of winning the Grand Prize (matching all 6 numbers) in the US Powerball Multistate Lottery, with a single ticket, under the rules as at 2003, are 120,526,770 to 1 against, for a probability of 8 × 10-9. Physics: Planck Mass is roughly 2.177 × 10-8 kg. Lottery: The odds of winning the Jackpot (matching the 6 main numbers) in the UK National Lottery, with a single ticket, under the rules as at 2003, are 13,983,816 to 1 against, for a probability of 7 × 10-8.
10-6	0.000 001	one millionth
Poker: The odds of being dealt a royal flush in poker are 649,739 to 1 against, for a probability of 1.5 × 10-6 Poker: The odds of being dealt a straight flush (other than a royal flush) in poker are 72,192 to 1 against, for a probability of 1.4 × 10-5 Poker: The odds of being dealt a four of a kind in poker are 4,164 to 1 against, for a probability of 2.4 × 10-4 Poker: The odds of being dealt a full house in poker are 693 to 1 against, for a probability of 1.4 × 10-3
10-3	0.001	one thousandth
Poker: The odds of being dealt a flush in poker are 508 to 1 against, for a probability of 1.9 × 10-3 Poker: The odds of being dealt a straight in poker are 254 to 1 against, for a probability of 4 × 10-3 α = 0.007 297 352 533(27), the fine structure constant
10-2	0.01	one hundredth
HIV: About 1.2% of all 15-49 year-old humans were infected with HIV at the end of 2001 Lottery: The odds of winning any prize in the UK National Lottery, with a single ticket, under the rules as at 2003, are 54 to 1 against, for a probability of about 0.018 (1.8%) Poker: The odds of being dealt a three of a kind in poker are 46 to 1 against, for a probability of 0.021 (2.1%) Lottery: The odds of winning any prize in the US Powerball Multistate Lottery, with a single ticket, under the rules as at 2003, are 36.06 to 1 against, for a probability of 0.028 (2.8%) Poker: The odds of being dealt two pair in poker are 20 to 1 against, for a probability of 0.048 (4.8%).
10-1	0.1	one tenth
Poker: The odds of being dealt only one pair in poker are about 4 to 3 against (1.37 to 1), for a probability of 0.42 (42%). Poker: The odds of being dealt no pair in poker are nearly 1 to 2, for a probability of about 0.5 (50%)
100	1	one
φ ≈ 1.618034, the golden ratio e ≈ 2.718281828, the base of the natural logarithm &pi ≈ 3.141592, the ratio of a circle's diameter to its circumference 7 ± 2, in cognitive science, George A. Miller's estimate of the number of objects that can be simultaneously thought of by the human mind nine planets in the solar system

• 10¹:10 (ten)
  • there are 10 fingers on a pair of human hands
  • In Olympic basketball, the roster limit for a team is 12 (and they are limited to wearing numbers 4 through 15).
  • there are 26 letters in the Latin alphabet
  • In NCAA basketball, players are not to wear digits above 5, and they are limited to one or two digits, making 42 distinct combinations (although 01, 02, 03, 04, and 05 typically aren't used). Since the roster limit is typically around 12, this doesn't present that much of a problem.

• 10²:100 (hundred)
  • In North American professional sports, players typically wear uniform numbers from 1 to 99. In some sports, 0 and 00 are also allowed, making 101 different combinations.
  • there are 128 characters is the ASCII character set
  • there were 191 member states of the United Nations as of 2003

• 10³:1000 (thousand)
  • 2000-3000 letters on a typical typed page of text
  • the DNA of the simplest viruses has some 5000 base pairs.
  • As of July 2004, the largest number of decimal places of &pi that have been recited from memory - > 42000

• 10⁴:10 000 (ten thousand)
  • Each neuron in the human brain is estimated to connect to 10,000 others
  • There are 20,000 - 40,000 distinct Chinese characters, depending on how you count them
  • Each human being is estimated to have 30,000 to 40,000 genes

• 10⁵:100 000 (one hundred thousand)
  • Hairs on a head: The average human head has about 100,000-150,000 hairs
  • As of July 2004, there are approximately 310 000 articles in Wikipedia
  • English words: The New Oxford Dictionary of English claims to contain 350,000 definitions for English words
  • 564,000 words in War and Peace
  • The FreeDB database holds information for around 700,000 different compact discs

• 10⁶:1 000 000 -- 1 million
  • Geographic places: The NIMA GEOnet Names Server contains approximately 3.88 million named geographical features outside the United States, with 5.34 million names. The USGS Geographic Names Information System claims to have almost 2 million physical and cultural geographic features within the United States.
  • Species: The World Resources Institute claims that approximately 1.4 million species have been named, out of an unknown number of total species (estimates range between 2 and 100 million species).
  • Chess: There are 2 279 184 solutions to n-Queens Problem for n = 15
  • Playing cards: There are 2 598 960 different 5-card poker hands that can be dealt from a standard 52-card deck.
  • Web sites: as of July 2003, the Netcraft web survey estimates that there are 42 million distinct web sites
  • Books: The British Library claims that it holds over 150 million items. The Library of Congress claims that it holds approximately 119 million items. See Gutenberg galaxy
  • Compact Disc: Depending on type and other factors, a compact disk contains about 600-750 million bytes of information. A modern computer CD drive can read or write this information in a few minutes.

• 10⁹ -- 1 billion (English-speaking countries), 1 milliard (other countries)
  • Cataloged stars: The Guide Star Catalog II has entries on 998,402,801 distinct astronomical objects
  • Computational limit of a 32-bit CPU: 2 147 483 647 is equal to 2³¹-1, and as such is the largest number which can fit into a signed (two's complement) 32-bit integer on a computer, thus marking the upper computational limit of a 32-bit CPU such as Intel's Pentium-class computer chips.
  • Base pairs in the genome: approximately 3×10⁹ base pairs in the human genome
  • Web pages: approximately 3 × 10⁹ web pages indexed by Google as of 2003
  • Living human beings: approximately 6.3×10⁹ human beingss living as of mid 2003
  • Observable galaxies: between 1×10¹⁰ and 8×10¹⁰ galaxies in the observable (as of 2003) Universe
  • Neurons in the brain: approximately 10¹¹ neurons in the human brain
  • Stars in our Galaxy: approximately 4 × 10¹¹ stars in the Milky Way galaxy

• 10¹² -- 1 trillion (English-speaking countries), 1 billion (other countries)
  • Bits on a disk: As of 2003, an inexpensive (200 Gbyte) hard disk drive stored 1.6 × 10¹² bits
  • Known digits of pi: As of 2002, the number of known digits of pi was 1 241 100 000 000
  • Cells in the human body: the human body consists of roughly 10¹⁴ cellss

• 10¹⁵ -- 1 quadrillion (English-speaking countries), 1 billiard (other countries)
  • Bacteria in the human body: there are roughly 10¹⁵ bacteria in the human body
  • Grains of sand: all the world's beaches put together hold roughly 2 × 10¹⁵ grains of sand

• 10¹⁸ quintillion (English-speaking countries), 1 trillion (other countries)
  • Insects: It has been estimated that the insect population of the Earth comprises roughly 10¹⁸ insects.
  • Rubik's Cube: There are 4.3 × 10¹⁹ different positions of a Rubik's Cube

• 10²¹ sextillion (English-speaking countries), 1 trilliard (other countries)
  • Stars in the observable universe: there are very approximately estimated to be 7 × 10²² stars in the observable universe, based on galaxy counts and star estimates: [1]
  • there are roughly 6.022 × 10²³ molecules in one mole of any substance (Avogadro's number)

• 10²⁴ septillion (English-speaking countries), 1 quadrillion (other countries)

• 10²⁷ octillion (English-speaking countries), 1 quadrilliard (other countries)
  • Atoms in the human body: the average human body contains roughly 7×10²⁷ atoms, see [1]

• 10³⁰ nonillion (English-speaking countries), 1 quintillion (other countries)
  • Physics: Planck Temperature is roughly 1.4 × 10³² kelvin
• 10³³ decillion (English-speaking countries), 1 quintilliard (other countries)
  • Astronomy: The observable universe is estimated at 1.9 × 10³³ cubic light years in volume.

• 10³⁶

• Larger
  • The Eddington-Dirac number is roughly 10⁴⁰.
  • About 10⁴⁷ molecules of water on Earth
  • Earth consists of roughly 10⁵⁰ atoms
  • Fundamental particles in the observable universe: various sources estimate the total number of fundamental particles in the observable universe in the range 10⁸⁰ to 10⁸⁵. However, these estimates are best regarded as guesswork.
  • 10¹⁰⁰, a googol
  • 10^7,235,733, order of magnitude of largest known prime number, as of May 2004. The exact value of that record prime is 2^24036583 - 1. Proving prime numbers with a thousand to several tens of thousands of decimal digits, depending on special form, can be done in minutes on modern computers.
  • 10^{80,000,000,000,000,000}, largest named number in Archimedes' Sand Reckoner
  • 10^googol (), a googolplex
  • , order of magnitude of an upper bound that occurred in a proof of Skewes
  • , order of magnitude of another upper bound in a proof of Skewes
  • ...

See also

• orders of magnitude

• orders of magnitude (length)
• orders of magnitude (area)
• orders of magnitude (volume)
• orders of magnitude (mass)
• orders of magnitude (time)

• Large number
• List of numbers
• Planck units
• Mathematical constant
• Wikipedia:size comparisons

External links

• Seth Lloyd's paper Computational capacity of the universe provides a number of interesting dimensionless quantities

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