The President of Pakistan reference article from the English Wikipedia on 24-Jul-2004 (provided by Fixed Reference: snapshots of Wikipedia from wikipedia.org)

President of Pakistan

The President of Pakistan is Pakistan's Head of State. Due to changes in the constitution of Pakistan, the post of President and associated powers and privileges have been different at different times in history. According to the constitution, the President is chosen by an electoral college consisting of the Senate, National Assembly, and the provincial assemblies.

History

Originally, Pakistan was a dominion within the British Commonwealth with the British Monarch as head of state. The monarch was represented in Pakistan by the Governor General. In 1956, dominionship was ended when Pakistan established it's first constitution, and the position of Governor General was replaced by President.

Pakistan's first president was Iskander Mirza, who was also the last Governor General. In 1958, he abrogated the constitution and declared martial law. A few weeks later, he was overthrown in a bloodless coup by General Ayub Khan who had himself declared President. The constitution was revised, and the President became the ruler of Pakistan. The constitution also stipulated that the President be elected by the people. Elections were held in 1963, and Khan defeated the sister of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Fatima.

Ayub Khan was not able to hold on to power though, and he passed the Presidency onto Yahya Khan. Khan stepped down after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto became the new president, and presided over the formation of a new Constitution. The new constitution was completed in 1973, and reduced the presidency to a figurehead position, and gave power to the Prime Minister. Bhutto stepped down as President and become Prime Minister, symbolizing the transition. The President was henceforth elected by legislative assembly members, not by popular vote. Popular vote would be used to directly elect the members of the National Assembly, including the Prime Minister.

In 1978, Prime Minister Bhutto was toppled by General Muhammad Zia ul-Haq who declared himself President. The presidency again became the premier position in the Pakistani government. Zia introduced the Eighth Amendment which gave reserve powers to the President's office. Zia died in 1988, and the Prime Minister's office regained leadership of the country. The Presidency retained its reserve powers until 1997, when the Thirteenth Amendment was passed.

However, the 1999 coup of General Pervez Musharraf brought executive powers back to the President's office. National and provincial elections were held in 2002. In December 2003, the Seventeenth Amendment partially restored the President's reserve powers. Musharraf's term of office as president ends in 2007.

List of Presidents

For the heads of state from 1947 to 1956, see Governor General of Pakistan

• Iskander Mirza (March 23, 1956 to October 27, 1958)
• Muhammad Ayub Khan* (October 27, 1958 - March 25, 1969)
• Yahya Khan* (March 25, 1969 - December 20, 1971)
• Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (December 20, 1971 - August 13, 1973)
• Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry (13-Aug-1973 to September 16, 1978)
• Muhammad Zia ul-Haq* (September 16, 1978 - August 17 ,1988)
• Ghulam Ishaq Khan (August 17, 1988 - July 18, 1993)
• Wasim Sajjad (July 18, 1993 - November 14, 1993)
• Farooq Leghari (November 14, 1993 - December 2, 1997)
• Wasim Sajjad (December 2, 1997 - January 1, 1998)
• Muhammad Rafiq Tarar (January 1, 1998 - June 20, 2001)
• Pervez Musharraf* (June 20, 2001 - present)

note - * denotes military leaders

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