Spine (biology)

Raised thorns on the stem of the wait-a-bit climber

A spine is a rigid, pointed surface protrubance or needle-like structure on an animal, shell, or plant, presumably serving as a defense against attack by predators. For examples: the quills of a porcupine, the needles of a cactus, or the thorns of a shrub like the rose are all spines. Although spines generally serve as a passive defense mechanism, in some species they can be hollow and contain poisonous substances that cause lasting pain or even paralysis.

Table of contents

1 Plant spines and thorns
2 See also
3 References

Plant spines and thorns

Botanists use several terms somewhat loosely when referring to spine- or needle-like structures on plants; however, the following differences are sometimes distinguished:

prickle – a sharp outgrowth from the epidermis, also called an emergence and usually involving some subdermal tissue as well; see also hair.
spine – a modified stipule or sharp branchlet found in a leaf axile or on the margin of a leaf.
thorn – Sharp outgrowth from a stem other than at a node.

Thorns, most notably those on roses, are common literary symbols for the hidden dangers or woes of something beautiful or pleasant. Some roses have been bred not to have thorns.

References

Esau, K. 1965. Plant Anatomy, 2nd Edition. John Wiley & Sons. 767 pp.
Llamas, K. A. 2003. Tropical Flowering Plants. Timber Press, Portland. 423 pp.