Tang Dynasty
Tang Dynasty (唐朝 618-907) followed Sui Dynasty and preceded the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms Period in China. The dynasty was interrupted by the Second Zhou Dynasty (690-705) when Empress Wu Zetian seized the throne.
The Tang dynasty, with its capital at Chang'an, the most populous city in the world at the time, is regarded by historians as a high point in Chinese civilization-- equal, or even superior, to the Han period. Its territory, acquired through the military exploits of its early rulers, was greater than that of the Han. Stimulated by contact with India and the Middle East, the empire saw a flowering of creativity in many fields. Buddhism, originating in India around the time of Confucius, continued to flourish during the Tang period and was adopted by the imperial family, becoming thoroughly sinicized and a permanent part of Chinese traditional culture. Block printing made the written word available to vastly greater audiences.
The Tang period was the golden age of literature and art. A government system supported by a large class of Confucian literati selected through civil service examinations was perfected under Tang rule. This competitive procedure was designed to draw the best talents into government. But perhaps an even greater consideration for the Tang rulers, aware that imperial dependence on powerful aristocratic families and warlords would have destabilizing consequences, was to create a body of career officials having no autonomous territorial or functional power base. As it turned out, these scholar-officials acquired status in their local communities, family ties, and shared values that connected them to the imperial court. From Tang times until the closing days of the Qing empire in 1911, scholar officials functioned often as intermediaries between the grassroots level and the government.
By the middle of the 8th century, Tang power had ebbed. Military defeat in 751 by Arabs at the Battle of Talas marked end of Tang authority in Central Asia. Domestic economic instability and subsequent rebellions of An Lushan and warlordism marked the beginning of five centuries of steady military decline for the Tang empire. Misrule, court intrigues, economic exploitation, and popular rebellions weakened the empire, making it possible for warlord Zhu Wen to terminate the dynasty in 907. The next half-century saw the fragmentation of China into five northern dynasties and ten southern kingdoms.
| Temple names | Chinese family names and first namess | Reigns | Era names and their according durations |
|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: "Tang" + temple name | |||
| ''Note: Wu Hou (武后 Wǔ Hòu) (Empress Wu) was posthumous name. | |||
| Gao Zu (高祖 Gāo Zǔ) | Li Yuan (李淵 Lǐ Yūan) | 618-626 | Wude (武德 Wǔ dé) 618-626 |
| Tai Zong (太宗 Tài Zōng) | Li Shi Min (李世民 Lǐ Shì MÃÂn) | 626-649 | Zhenguan (貞觀 Zhēn gūan) 627-649 |
| (高宗 Gāo zōng) | Li Zhi (李治 Lǐ Zhì) | 650-683 | Yonghui (永徽 Yǒng hūi) 650-655Xianqing (顯慶 Xiǎn qìng) 656-661 Longshuo (龍朔 Lóng shuò) 661-663 Linde (麟德 LÃÂn dé) 664-665 Qianfeng (乾封 QÃÂan fēng) 666-668 Zongzhang (總章 Zǒng zhāng) 668-670 Xianheng (咸亨 Xián hēng) 670-674 Shangyuan (上元 Shàng yuán) 674-676 Yifeng (儀鳳 Yàfèng) 676-679 Tiaolu (調露 Tiáo lù) 679-680 Yonglong (永隆 Yǒng lóng) 680-681 Kaiyao (開耀 Kāi yào) 681-682 Yongchun (永淳 Yǒng chún) 682-683 Hongdao (弘道 Hóng dào) 683 |
| Zhong Zong (中宗 Zhōng zōng), dismissed by Wu Hou | Li Xian (李顯 Lǐ Xiǎn) or Li Zhe (李哲 Lǐ zhé) | 684, (also 705-710) | Sisheng (嗣聖 Sì shèng) 684 |
| Rui Zong (睿宗 Rùi zōng), dismissed by Wu Hou | Li Dan (李旦 Lǐ dàn) | 684, (also 710-712) | Wenming (文明 Wén mÃÂng) 684 |
| Wu Hou (武后 Wǔ hòu) | Wu Zetian (武則天 Wǔ Zé tiān) | 684-705 | Guangzhai (光宅 Guāng zhái) 684Chuigong (垂拱 Chuàgǒng) 685-688 Yongchang (永昌 Yǒng chāng) 689 Zaichu (載初 Zài chū) 690 |
| Zhou Dynasty (690 AD - 705 AD) | |||
| Continuation of Tang Dynasty | |||
| Zhong Zong (中宗 Zhōng zōng), retake the throne | Li Xian (李顯 Lǐ Xiǎn) or Li Zhe (李哲 Lǐ Zhé) | (also 684,) 705-710 | Shenlong (神龍 Shén lóng) 705-707Jinglong (景龍 Jǐng lóng) 707-710 |
| Shao Di (少帝 Shào dì) see note below the table | Li Chong Mao (李重茂 Lǐ Chóng Mào) | 710 | Tanglong (唐隆 Táng lóng) 710 |
| (睿宗 Ruì zōng), retake the throne | Li Dan (李旦 Lǐ Dàn) | (also 684,) 710-712 | Jingyun (景雲 Jǐng yún) 710-711Taiji (太極 Tài jÃÂ) 712 Yanhe (延和 Yán hé) 712 |
| (玄宗 Xuán zōng) | Li Long Ji (李隆基 Lǐ Lóng Jī) | 712-756 | Xiantian (先天 Xiān tiān) 712-713Kaiyuan (開元 Kāi yuán) 713-741 Tianbao (天寶 Tiān bǎo) 742-756 |
| (肅宗 Sù zōng) | Li Heng (李亨 Lǐ Hēng) | 756-762 | Jide (至德 Zhì dé) 756-758Qianyuan (乾元 Qián yuán) 758-760 Shangyuan (上元 Shàng yuán) 760-761 |
| (代宗 Dài zōng) | Li Yu (李豫 Lǐ Yù) | 762-779 | Baoying (寶應 Bǎo yìng) 762-763Guangde (廣德 Guǎng dé) 763-764 Yongtai (永泰 Yǒng tài) 765-766 Dali (大曆 Dàlì) 766-779 |
| (德宗 Dé zōng) | Li Gua (李适 Lǐ Guā) | 780-805 | Jianzhong (建中 Jiàn zhōng) 780-783Xingyuan (興元 Xīng yuán) 784 Zhenyuan (貞元 Zhēn yuán) 785-805 |
| Shun Zong (順宗 Shùn zōng) | Li Song (李誦 Lǐ sòng) | 805 | Yongzhen (永貞 Yǒng zhēn) 805 |
| (憲宗 Xiàn zōng) | Li Chun (李純 Lǐ chún) | 806-820 | Yuanhe (元和 Yuán hé) 806-820 |
| Mu Zong (穆宗 Mù zōng) | Li Heng (李恆 Lǐ héng) | 821-824 | Changqing (長慶 Cháng qìng) 821-824 |
| Jing Zong (敬宗 Jìng zōng) | Li Zhan (李湛 Lǐ zhàn) | 824-826 | Baoli (寶曆 Bǎo lì) 824-826 |
| Wen Zong (文宗 Wén zōng) | Li Ang (李昂 Lǐ áng) | 826-840 | Baoli (寶曆 Bǎo lì) 826Dahe (大和 Dàhé) or Taihe (Tài hé 太和) 827-835 Kaicheng (開成 Kāi chéng) 836-840 |
| (武宗 Wǔ zōng) | Li Ya (李炎 Lǐ yán) | 840-846 | Huichang (會昌 Huì chāng) 841-846 |
| (宣宗 Xuān zōng) | Li Chen (李忱 Lǐ chén) | 846-859 | Dachong (大中 Dàchōng) 847-859 |
| Yi Zong (懿宗 Yì zōng) | Li Cui (李漼 Lǐ cuǐ) | 859-873 | Dachong (大中 Dàchōng) 859Xiantong (咸通 Xián tōng) 860-873 |
| Xi Zong (僖宗 Xī zōng) | Li Xuan (李儇 Lǐ xuān) | 873-888 | Xiantong (咸通 Xián tōng) 873-874Qianfu (乾符 Qián fú) 874-879 Guangming (廣明 Guǎng mÃÂng) 880-881 Zhonghe (中和 Zhōng hé) 881-885 Guangqi (光啟 Guāng qǐ) 885-888 Wende (文德 Wén dé) 888 |
| Zhao Zong (昭宗 Zhāo zōng) | Li Ye (李曄 Lǐ yè) | 888-904 | Longji (龍紀 Lóng jì) 889Dashun (大順 Dàshùn) 890-891 Jingfu (景福 Jǐng fú) 892-893 Qianning (乾寧 Qián nÃÂng) 894-898 Guanghua (光化 Guāng huà) 898-901 Tianfu (天復 Tiān fù) 901-904 Tianyou (天佑 Tiān yòu) 904 |
| Ai di (哀帝 Aī dì) or Zhaoxuan di昭宣帝 Zhāo xuān Dì see note below | Li Zhu (李柷 Lǐ zhù) | 904-907 | Tianyou (天佑 Tiān yòu) 904-907 |